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Dec 14, 2023

What Sugar Can Do to Your Brain

Posted March 6, 2023

Posted March 6, 2023 | Reviewed by Michelle Quirk

You’ve likely heard some version of the story: Don't eat sugar; it's bad for your health. Indeed, research shows that consuming too much of the sweet stuff (especially when added) is linked to all sorts of issues with our brains and bodies. But "sugar" can come in a number of forms with different potential impacts on health. So, what does the research really say about the link between sugar and your brain health?

Your brain is only about 2 percent of your body's weight. Yet it uses up around 20 percent of your total energy. Most of this energy comes in the form of glucose. You’d think, then, that more sugar is better as it relates to brain health. Yet, consuming more added sugar (especially in beverages) is linked to worse brain health including an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

One of the most important points, as it relates to research connecting health and sugar intake, is the difference between added sugars and sugars found naturally in foods. For example, there are significant differences in what happens if you eat a blueberry or drink a blueberry-flavored sugary soda. The blueberry has more fiber, antioxidants, and natural vitamins and minerals. This helps explain why the most convincing associations between brain conditions like depression and dementia and sugar are when we drink it in the form of sugary beverages (think soda, coffee drinks, energy drinks, etc.).

Of course, there are a number of different forms that added sugar can take. There's honey, maple syrup, coconut sugar, agave nectar, cane sugar, evaporated cane juice, and so on. You’ve likely heard people extol the virtues of "natural sugar" like coconut sugar and honey over the dangers of table sugar. There is some truth to this; both honey and maple syrup have a slightly lower effect on blood sugar than table sugar, and each contains vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that are missing in standard sugar. Yet this doesn't negate the fact that all types of "natural" sugars tend to significantly impact blood sugar, which, when done repeatedly, is thought to be an issue as it relates to risk for a number of diseases including brain problems.

To avoid spikes in blood sugar and other issues with metabolism, many have instead turned toward artificial and "natural" sugar alternatives. This list includes artificially synthesized molecules like aspartame and sucralose as well as sugar alcohols (erythritol, xylitol) and plant-derived sweeteners like stevia and monk fruit. It's important to note that we don't know that much yet about the long-term health impact of any of these alternatives, though some research has suggested that the artificial sweeteners in particular may be worth avoiding.

As it relates to the more "natural" sweeteners, some recent work has questioned whether erythritol in particular might be linked to negative health effects on our brains and bodies. Yet conflicting research suggests that, mechanistically, this molecule could have healthful effects on our metabolism. Other work highlights potential health benefits associated with sweeteners like stevia and allulose. We’re also learning that one of the major links between these types of molecules and our brain health may be by way of these sweeteners’ effects on our microbiome.

All of this can seem incredibly complicated. Are there any good options when it comes to getting our sweet fix while supporting our health? To this end, the research would suggest the following may be good general guidelines.

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